
This strategy relies on flawed assumptions about the future of war, and has been influenced by both the bureaucratic culture in Western governments and the legacy of low-intensity conflicts. This reality should be a concrete warning to Western countries, who have scaled down military industrial capacity and sacrificed scale and effectiveness for efficiency. The rate of ammunition and equipment consumption in Ukraine can only be sustained by a large-scale industrial base. The Russian army has also suffered from Ukrainian cross-border attacks and acts of sabotage, but at a smaller scale. For Ukraine, compounding this task are Russian deep fires capabilities, which target Ukrainian military industry and transportation networks throughout the depth of the country. Ammunition resupply is particularly onerous. The effort to arm, feed and supply these armies is a monumental task. The mass scale combat has pitted 250,000 Ukrainian soldiers, together with 450,000 recently mobilised citizen soldiers against about 200,000 Russian and separatist troops.

The massive consumption of equipment, vehicles and ammunition requires a large-scale industrial base for resupply – quantity still has a quality of its own. The war in Ukraine has proven that the age of industrial warfare is still here.
